A Seminar Report on Cluster Computing.

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ABSTRACT

A computer cluster is a group of linked computers, working together closely so that in many respects they form a single computer. The components of a cluster are commonly, but not always, connected to each other through fast local area networks. Clusters are usually deployed to improve performance and/or availability over that provided by a single computer, while typically being much more cost-effective than single computers of comparable speed or availability.

The major objective in the cluster is utilizing a group of processing nodes so as to complete the assigned job in a minimum amount of time by working cooperatively. The main and important strategy to achieve such objective is by transferring the extra loads from busy nodes to idle nodes.

The seminar will contain the concepts of cluster computing and the principles involved in it.

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A

Seminar Report on

CLUSTER COMPUTING

 

Submitted By

Mr. Balvant V. Biradar.

 

submitted to

SWAMI RAMANAND TEERTH MARATHWADA UNIVERSITY, NANDED

 (Academic Year 2014-15)

 

In partial fulfilment of

Master Of Computer Science degree

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Sr. No.	Contents	Page No.
	LIST OF TABLES (Table of Contents) ABSTRACT	2 3
1.	INTRODUCTION 1.1    GENERAL 1.1.2.  Cluster Computing 1.1.3.     Cluster Benefits	4-6
2.	TYPES OF CLUSTERS 2.1.    High Availability or Failover Clusters 2.3.   Load Balancing Cluster 2.4.    Parallel/Distributed Processing Clusters	7-9
3.	CLUSTER COMPONENTS	10-11
4.	CLUSTER OPERATION 4.1    Cluster Nodes 4.2.    Cluster Network 4.2.1     Network Characterization 4.2.2     Ethernet, Fast Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet 4.3 Cluster Applications 4.3.1Compute Intensive Applications 4.3.2     Data or I/O Intensive Applications 4.3.3     Transaction Intensive Applications 4.4    Message Latency 4.5    CPU Utilization	12-18
5.	CLUSTER APPLICATIONS	19
6.	References	20

ABSTRACT

A computer cluster is a group of linked computers, working together closely so that in many respects they form a single computer. The components of a cluster are commonly, but not always, connected to each other through fast local area networks. Clusters are usually deployed to improve performance and/or availability over that provided by a single computer, while typically being much more cost-effective than single computers of comparable speed or availability.

The major objective in the cluster is utilizing a group of processing nodes so as to complete the assigned job in a minimum amount of time by working cooperatively. The main and important strategy to achieve such objective is by transferring the extra loads from busy nodes to idle nodes.

The seminar will contain the concepts of cluster computing and the principles involved in it.

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background study

Parallel computing has seen many changes since the days of the highly expensive and proprietary super computers. Changes and improvements in performance have also been seen in the area of mainframe computing for many environments. But these compute environments may not be the most cost effective and flexible solution for a problem. Over the past decade, cluster technologies have been developed that allow multiple low cost computers to work in a coordinated fashion to process applications. The economics, performance and flexibility of compute clusters makes cluster computing an attractive alternative to centralized computing models and the attendant to cost, inflexibility, and scalability issues inherent to these models.

Many enterprises are now looking at clusters of high-performance, low cost computers to provide increased application performance, high availability, and ease of scaling within the data center. Interest in and deployment of computer clusters has largely been driven by the increase in the performance of off-the-shelf commodity computers, high-speed, low-latency network switches and the maturity of the software components. Application performance continues to be of significant concern for various entities including governments, military, education, scientific and now enterprise organizations. This document provides a review of cluster computing, the various types of clusters and their associated applications. This document is a high-level informational document; it does not provide details about various cluster implementations and applications.

1.1.1 Cluster Computing

Cluster computing is best characterized as the integration of a number of off-the-shelf commodity computers and resources integrated through hardware, networks, and software to behave as a single computer. Initially, the terms cluster computing and high performance computing were viewed as one and the same. However, the technologies available today have redefined the term cluster computing to extend beyond parallel computing to incorporate load-balancing clusters (for example, web clusters) and high availability clusters. Clusters may also be deployed to address load balancing, parallel processing, systems management, and scalability. Today, clusters are made up of commodity computers usually restricted to a single switch or group of interconnected switches operating at Layer 2 and within a single virtual local-area network (VLAN). Each compute node (computer) may have different characteristics such as single processor or symmetric multiprocessor design, and access to various types of storage devices. The underlying network is a dedicated network made up of high-speed, low-latency switches that may be of a single switch or a hierarchy of multiple switches.

A growing range of possibilities exists for a cluster interconnection technology. Different variables will determine the network hardware for the cluster. Price-per-port, bandwidth, latency, and throughput are key variables. The choice of network technology depends on a number of factors, including price, performance, and compatibility with other cluster hardware and system software as well as communication characteristics of the applications that will use the cluster. Clusters are not commodities in themselves, although they may be based on commodity hardware. A number of decisions need to be made (for example, what type of hardware the nodes run on, which interconnect to use, and which type of switching architecture to build on) before assembling a cluster range. Each decision will affect the others, and some will probably be dictated by the intended use of the cluster. Selecting the right cluster elements involves an understanding of the application and the necessary resources that include, but are not limited to, storage, throughput, latency, and number of nodes.

When considering a cluster implementation, there are some basic questions that can help determine the cluster attributes such that technology options can be evaluated:

• Will the application be primarily processing a single dataset?
• Will the application be passing data around or will it generate real-time information?
• Is the application 32- or 64-bit?

The answers to these questions will influence the type of CPU, memory architecture, storage, cluster interconnect, and cluster network design. Cluster applications are often CPU-bound so that interconnect and storage bandwidth are not limiting factors, although this is not always the case.

 

1.1.2 Cluster Benefits

The main benefits of clusters are scalability, availability, and performance. For scalability, a cluster uses the combined processing power of compute nodes to run cluster-enabled applications such as a parallel database server at a higher performance than a single machine can provide. Scaling the cluster’s processing power is achieved by simply adding additional nodes to the cluster. Availability within the cluster is assured as nodes within the cluster provide backup to each other in the event of a failure. In high-availability clusters, if a node is taken out of service or fails, the load is transferred to another node (or nodes) within the cluster. To the user, this operation is transparent as the applications and data running are also available on the failover nodes. An additional benefit comes with the existence of a single system image and the ease of manageability of the cluster. From the users perspective the users sees an application resource as the provider of services and applications. The user does not know or care if this resource is a single server, a cluster, or even which node within the cluster is providing services. These benefits map to needs of today’s enterprise business, education, military and scientific community infrastructures. In summary, clusters provide:

Scalable capacity for compute, data, and transaction intensive applications, including support of mixed workloads

• Horizontal and vertical scalability without downtime
• Ability to handle unexpected peaks in workload
• Central system management of a single systems image
• 24 x7 availability.

2. TYPES OF CLUSTER

There are several types of clusters, each with specific design goals and functionality. These clusters range from distributed or parallel clusters for computation intensive or data intensive applications that are used for protein, seismic, or nuclear modeling to simple load-balanced clusters.

2.1 High Availability or Failover Clusters

These clusters are designed to provide uninterrupted availability of data or services (typically web services) to the end-user community. The purpose of these clusters is to ensure that a single instance of an application is only ever running on one cluster member at a time but if and when that cluster member is no longer available, the application will failover to another cluster member. With a high-availability cluster, nodes can be taken out-of-service for maintenance or repairs. Additionally, if a node fails, the service can be restored without affecting the availability of the services provided by the cluster (see Figure 2.1). While the application will still be available, there will be a performance drop due to the missing node.

High-availability clusters implementations are best for mission-critical applications or databases, mail, file and print, web, or application servers.

(Failover Clusters) (Figure- 2.1)

Unlike distributed or parallel processing clusters, high-availability clusters seamlessly and transparently integrate existing standalone, non-cluster aware applications together into a single virtual machine necessary to allow the network to effortlessly grow to meet increased business demands.

Cluster-Aware and Cluster-Unaware Applications

Cluster-aware applications are designed specifically for use in clustered environment. They know about the existence of other nodes and are able to communicate with them. Clustered database is one example of such application. Instances of clustered database run in different nodes and have to notify other instances if they need to lock or modify some data. Cluster-unaware applications do not know if they are running in a cluster or on a single node. The existence of a cluster is completely transparent forsuch applications, and some additional software is usually needed to set up a cluster. A web server is a typical cluster-unaware application. All servers in the cluster have the same content, and the client does not care from which server the server provides the requested content.

2.2 Load Balancing Cluster

This type of cluster distributes incoming requests for resources or content among multiple nodes running the same programs or having the same content (see Figure 2.2). Every node in the cluster is able to handle requests for the same content or application. If a node fails, requests are redistributed between the remaining available nodes. This type of distribution is typically seen in a web-hosting environment.

	(Load Balancing Cluster) (Figure- 2.2)

Both the high availability and load-balancing cluster technologies can be combined to increase the reliability, availability, and scalability of application and data resources that are widely deployed for web, mail, news, or FTP services.

2.3 Parallel/Distributed Processing Clusters

Traditionally, parallel processing was performed by multiple processors in a specially designed parallel computer. These are systems in which multiple processors share a single memory and bus interface within a single computer. With the advent of high speed, low-latency switching technology, computers can be interconnected to form a parallel-processing cluster. These types of cluster increase availability, performance, and scalability for applications, particularly computationally or data intensive tasks. A parallel cluster is a system that uses a number of nodes to simultaneously solve a specific computational or data-mining task. Unlike the load balancing or high-availability clusters that distributes requests/tasks to nodes where a node processes the entire request, a parallel environment will divide the request into multiple sub-tasks that are distributed to multiple nodes within the cluster for processing. Parallel clusters are typically used for CPU-intensive analytical applications, such as mathematical computation, scientific analysis (weather forecasting, seismic analysis, etc.), and financial data analysis. One of the more common cluster operating systems is the Beowulf class of clusters. A Beowulf cluster can be defined as a number of systems whose collective processing capabilities are simultaneously applied to a specific technical, scientific, or business application. Each individual computer is referred to as a “node” and each node communicates with other nodes within a cluster across standard Ethernet technologies (10/100 Mbps, GbE, or 10GbE). Other high-speed interconnects such as Myrinet, Infiniband, or Quadrics may also be used.

3. CLUSTER COMPONENTS

The basic building blocks of clusters are broken down into multiple categories: the cluster nodes, cluster operating system, network switching hardware and the node/switch interconnect (see Figure 3). Significant advances have been accomplished over the past five years to improve the performance of both the compute nodes as well as the underlying switching infrastructure.

(Cluster Components)

(Figure- 3)

Application: It includes all the various applications that are going on for a particular group. These applications run in parallel. This includes various queries running on different nodes of the cluster. This can be said as the input part of the cluster component.

Middleware: These are software packages which interacts the user with the operating system for the cluster computing. In other words we can say that these are the layers of software between applications and operating system. Middleware provides various services required by an application to function correctly. The software that are used as middleware are:

OSCAR

Features:

• Image based Installation.
• Supported by Red Hat 9.0 and Mandrake 9.0.
• Processors supported: x86, Itanium (in beta).
• Interconnects: Ethernet, Myrinet.
• Diskless support in development.
• Opteron support in development.
• High-availability support in alpha testing.

SCYLD

Features:

• Commercial distribution.
• Single system image design.
• Processors: x86 and Opteron.
• Interconnects: Ethernet and Infiniband.
• MPI and PVM.
• Diskful and diskless support.

Rocks

Features:

• Processors: x86, Opteron, Itanium.
• Interconnects: Ethernet and Myrinet.
• Compute node management via Red Hat‟s kickstart mechanism.
• Diskfull only.
• Cluster on CD.

Operating System: Clusters can be supported by various operating systems which includes Windows, Linux.etc.

Interconnect: Interconnection between the various nodes of the cluster system can be done using 10GbE, Myrinet etc. In case of small cluster system these and be connected with the help of simple switches.

Nodes: Nodes of the cluster system implies about the different computers that are connected. All of these processors can be of intels or AMD 64 bit.

4. CLUSTER OPERATION

4.1 Cluster Nodes

Node technology has migrated from the conventional tower cases to single rack-unit multiprocessor systems and blade servers that provide a much higher processor density within a decreased area. Processor speeds and server architectures have increased in performance, as well as solutions that provide options for either 32-bit or 64-bit processors systems. Additionally, memory performance as well as hard-disk access speeds and storage capacities have also increased. It is interesting to note that even though performance is growing exponentially in some cases, the cost of these technologies has dropped considerably. As shown in Figure 4.1 below, node participation in the cluster falls into one of two responsibilities: master (or head) node and compute (or slave) nodes. The master node is the unique server in cluster systems.

It is responsible for running the file system and also serves as the key system for clustering middleware to route processes, duties, and monitor the health and status of each slave node. A compute (or slave) node within a cluster provides the cluster a computing and data storage capability. These nodes are derived from fully operational, standalone computers that are typically marketed as desktop or server systems that, as such, are off-the-shelf commodity systems.

(Cluster Nodes)

(Figure- 4.1)

4.2 Cluster Network

Commodity cluster solutions are viable today due to a number of factors such as the high performance commodity servers and the availability of high speed, low-latency network switch technologies that provide the inter-nodal communications. Commodity clusters typically incorporate one or more dedicated switches to support communication between the cluster nodes. The speed and type of node interconnects vary based on the requirements of the application and organization. With today’s low costs per-port for Gigabit Ethernet switches, adoption of 10-Gigabit Ethernet and the standardization of 10/100/1000 network interfaces on the node hardware, Ethernet continues to be a leading interconnect technology for many clusters. In addition to Ethernet, alternative network or interconnect technologies include Myrinet, Quadrics, and Infiniband that support bandwidths above 1Gbps and end-to-end message latencies below 10 microseconds (uSec).

4.2.1 Network Characterization

There are two primary characteristics establishing the operational properties of a network: bandwidth and delay. Bandwidth is measured in millions of bits per second (Mbps) and/or billions of bits per-second (Gbps). Peak bandwidth is the maximum amount of data that can be transferred in a single unit of time through a single connection. Bi-section bandwidth is the total peak bandwidth that can be passed across a single switch.

Latency is measured in microseconds (µSec) or milliseconds (mSec) and is the time it takes to move a single packet of information in one port and out of another. For parallel clusters, latency is measured as the time it takes for a message to be passed from one processor to another that includes the latency of the interconnecting switch or switches. The actual latencies observed will vary widely even on a single switch depending on characteristics such as packet size, switch architecture (centralized versus distributed), queuing, buffer depths and allocations, and protocol processing at the nodes.

4.2.2 Ethernet, Fast Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet and 10-Gigabit Ethernet

Ethernet is the most widely used interconnect technology for local area networking (LAN). Ethernet as a technology supports speeds varying from 10Mbps to 10 Gbps and it is successfully deployed and operational within many high-performance cluster computing environments.

4.3 Cluster Applications

Parallel applications exhibit a wide range of communication behaviors and impose various requirements on the underlying network. These may be unique to a specific application, or an application category depending on the requirements of the computational processes. Some problems require the high bandwidth and low-latency capabilities of today’s low-latency, high throughput switches using 10GbE, Infiniband or Myrinet. Other application classes perform effectively on commodity clusters and will not push the bounds of the bandwidth and resources of these same switches. Many applications and the messaging algorithms used fall in between these two ends of the spectrum. Currently, there are four primary categories of applications that use parallel clusters: compute intensive, data or input/output (I/O) intensive, and transaction intensive. Each of these has its own set of characteristics and associated network requirements. Each has a different impact on the network as well as how each is impacted by the architectural characteristics of the underlying network. The following subsections describe each application types.

4.3.1 Compute Intensive Applications

Compute intensive is a term that applies to any computer application that demands a lot of computation cycles (for example, scientific applications such as meteorological prediction). These types of applications are very sensitive to end-to-end message latency. This latency sensitivity is caused by either the processors having to wait for instruction messages, or if transmitting results data between nodes takes longer. In general, the more time spent idle waiting for an instruction or for results data, the longer it takes to complete the application.

Some compute-intensive applications may also be graphic intensive. Graphic intensive is a term that applies to any application that demands a lot of computational cycles where the end result is the delivery of significant information for the development of graphical output such as ray-tracing applications.

These types of applications are also sensitive to end-to-end message latency. The longer the processors have to wait for instruction messages or the longer it takes to send resulting data, the longer it takes to present the graphical representation of the resulting data.

4.3.2 Data or I/O Intensive Applications

Data intensive is a term that applies to any application that has high demands of attached storage facilities. Performance of many of these applications is impacted by the quality of the I/O mechanisms supported by current cluster architectures, the bandwidth available for network attached storage, and, in some cases, the performance of the underlying network components at both Layer 2 and 3. Data-intensive applications can be found in the area of data mining, image processing, and genome and protein science applications. The movement to parallel I/O systems continues to occur to improve the I/O performance for many of these applications.

4.3.3 Transaction Intensive Applications

Transaction intensive is a term that applies to any application that has a high-level of interactive transactions between an application resource and the cluster resources. Many financial, banking, human resource, and web-based applications fall into this category.

There are three main care abouts for cluster applications: message latency, CPU utilization, and throughput. Each of these plays an important part in improving or impeding application performance. This section describes each of these issues and their associated impact on application performance.

4.4 Message Latency

Message latency is defined as the time it takes to send a zero-length message from one processor to another (measured in microseconds). The lower the latency for some application types, the better.

Message latency is made up of aggregate latency incurred at each element within the cluster network, including within the cluster nodes themselves (see Figure 4.4.1). Although network latency is often focused on, the protocol processing latency of message passing interface (MPI) and TCP processes within the host itself are typically larger. Throughput of today’s cluster nodes are impacted by protocol processing, both for TCP/IP processing and the MPI. To maintain cluster stability, node synchronization, and data sharing, the cluster uses message passing technologies such as Parallel Virtual Machine (PVM) or MPI. TCP/IP stack processing is a CPU-intensive task that limits performance within high speed networks. As CPU performance has increased and new techniques such as TCP offload engines (TOE) have been introduced, PCs are now able to drive the bandwidth levels higher to a point where we see traffic levels reaching near theoretical maximum for TCP/IP on Gigabit Ethernet and near bus speeds for PCI-X based systems when using 10 Gigabit Ethernet. These high-bandwidth capabilities will continue to grow as processor speeds increase and more vendors build network adapters to the PCI-Express specification.

 

(Message Latency)

(Figure- 4.4.1)

To address host stack latency, reductions in protocol processing have been addressed somewhat through the implementation of TOE and further developments of combined TOE and Remote Direct Memory Access (RDMA) technologies are occurring that will significantly reduce the protocol processing in the host. See Figure 4.4.2 through Figure 4.4.4 below for examples.

(Progression)

(Figure- 4.4.2)

(Message path Without TOE and RDMA)

(Figure- 4.4.3)

 

 

 

 

 

(Message path with TOE and RDMA)

(Figure- 4.4.4)

4.5 CPU Utilization

One important consideration for many enterprises is to use compute resources as efficiently as possible. As increased number of enterprises move towards realtime andbusiness-intelligence analysis, using compute resources efficiently is an important metric. However, in many cases compute resource is underutilized. The more CPU cycles committed to application processing the less time it takes to run the application. Unfortunately, although this is a design goal, this is not obtainable as both the application and protocols compete for CPU cycles.

As the cluster node processes the application, the CPU is dedicated to the application and protocol processing does not occur. For this to change, the protocol process must interrupt a uniprocessor machine or request a spin lock for a multiprocessor machine.

As the request is granted, CPU cycles are then applied to the protocol process. As more cycles are applied to protocol processing, application processing is suspended. In many environments, the value of the cluster is based on the run-time of the application. The shorter the time to run, the more floating-point operations and/or millions of instructions per-second occur, and, therefore, the lower the cost of running a specific application or job.

 

 

 

 

(CPU Utilization)

(Figure- 4.5.1)

5. CLUSTER APPLICATIONS

Few important cluster applications are:

• Google Search Engine.
• Petroleum Reservoir Simulation.
• Protein Explorer.
• Earthquake Simulation.
• Image Rendering.

Internet search engines enable Internet users to search for information on the Internet by entering specific keywords. A widely used search engine, Google uses cluster computing to meet the huge quantity of worldwide search requests that comprise of a peak of thousands of queries per second. A single Google query needs to use at least tens of billions of processing cycles and access a few hundred megabytes of data in order to return satisfactory search results.

Petroleum  reservoir  simulation  facilitates  a  better  understanding  of  petroleum reservoirs that  is crucial to better reservoir management and more  efficient  oil and gas production.   It       is an example of GCA as it demands intensive computations in order to simulate geological and physical models.

6. REFERENCES

[1].       http://icl.cs.utk.edu/iter-ref

[2].       M. Baker, A. Apon, R. Buyya, H. Jin, “Cluster Computing and Applications”, Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Technology, Vol.45, Marcel Dekker, Aug. 2006.

[3].       D. Butenhof, Programming with POSIX Threads, Addison-Wesley, 2000.

[4].       R. Buyya (ed.), High Performance Cluster Computing: Systems and Architectures, Prentice Hall, 2007.

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